Spanish in New York : language contact, dialectal leveling, and structural continuity / Ricardo Otheguy and Ana Celia Zentella.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Machine generated contents note: 1. Continuity, Language Contact, and Dialectal Leveling in Spanish in New York -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Variable Subject Pronoun Use -- 2.1. An Initial Illustration -- 2.2.A Note on Conceptualization and Accompanying Terminology -- 3. Language Contact and Dialectal Leveling in Spanish in New York -- 3.1. Language Contact -- 3.2. Dialectal Leveling -- 3.3. Variation and Explanation in Performance Grammar -- 4. The Sample and the Corpus -- 5. Summary and Conclusions -- 2. Interviews and Transcripts -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Stratification of the Sample -- 2.1. Gender -- 2.2. Age -- 2.3. National and Regional Origin -- 2.4. Generational Cohorts -- 2.5. Age of Arrival in New York -- 2.6. Years Lived in NYC -- 2.7. Immigrant Newcomers, Established Immigrants, and the NYR -- 2.8. Social Class -- 2.9. Educational Attainment -- 2.10. English Skills -- 2.11. Level of Use of Spanish -- 3. Cross-Stratification of the Sample -- 3.1. Region and Gender -- 3.2. Region and Generation.

Contents note continued: 3.3. Region and Age of Arrival -- 3.4. Region and Years in NYC -- 3.5. Region and Exposure -- 4. The Interviews and the Transcripts -- 4.1. General Characteristics of the Transcripts -- 4.2. Amount of Talk by Consultants -- 4.3. Transcription Using Conventional Orthography -- 4.4. Accepting and Rejecting Interviews -- 4.5. Labeling Interviews and Transcripts -- 5. Summary and Conclusions -- 3. The Envelope of Variation and the Formation of the Corpus -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Categorical and Variable Contexts -- 1.2. The Principle of Accountability and the Nature of Variable Data -- 2. Requirements for Bare Verbs to be Included in the Corpus -- 2.1. An Available Subject Slot -- 2.2. An Ascertainable Denotational Subject -- 2.3. Denoting an Animate Entity -- 3. Requirements for Pronouns to be Included in the Corpus -- 3.1. Exclude False Starts -- 3.2. Exclude Left Dislocations -- 3.3. Exclude Logophoric X-Forms -- 3.4. Two Statistical Inconsistencies.

Contents note continued: 4. Decisions Regarding Incorporation Based on Types of Contexts, Not on Individual Occurrences -- 5.A Fully Contextualized Illustration of Decisions Regarding the Corpus -- 6. Summary and Conclusions -- 4. The Pronoun Rate: Delineating New York Latino Communities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Similarities and Differences in the Use of Pronouns by Basic Demographic Groups -- 2.1. Gender, Age, Education, and Social Class -- 2.2. Socioeconomic Status (SES) -- 3. National and Regional Origins -- 4. Regional Differences and the Pronoun Rate in the Basic Demographic Groups -- 5. The Group and the Individual -- 6. The Corpus, the City, and the Nature of Statistical Inference -- 7. Summary and Conclusions -- 5. Language Contact in Spanish in New York -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lect, Generation, Exposure -- 2.1. Lect: The Reference Lects and the Bilingual Lects -- 2.2. Generation: The Latin American Raised and the New York Raised.

Contents note continued: 2.3. Exposure: Immigrant Newcomers, Established Immigrants, and the NYR -- 3. English Proficiency Groups -- 3.1. Rating English Proficiency as Excellent versus Less Than Excellent -- 3.2. Language Choice with Interlocutors and the English Proficiency Groups -- 3.3. Language Choice in Domains and the English Proficiency Groups -- 3.4. Spanish Proficiency and the Pronoun Rate -- 3.5. Spanish Proficiency and Linguistic Insecurity -- 4. Pronoun Rate Differences in the Regional and SES Subsamples -- 4.1. Exposure and English Proficiency among Caribbeans -- 4.2. Exposure and English Proficiency among Mainlanders -- 4.3. Exposure and English Proficiency among Lower SES Consultants -- 4.4. Exposure and English Proficiency among Higher SES Consultants -- 4.5. Stable Variation or Contact-Induced Change -- 5. The Group and the Individual -- 6. Summary and Conclusions -- 6. Dialectal Leveling in Spanish in New York -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Differences between the Exposure Groups.

Contents note continued: 3. Differences between Consultants with In-Group versus Out-Group Orientations -- 3.1. Orientation Groups -- 3.2. Cross-Orientation Groups -- 4. Predictions Regarding the Direction of Dialectal Leveling in New York -- 5. Evidence for Direction of Leveling Based on Orientation and Exposure -- 6. Evidence for Direction of Leveling Based on the Usage of Core Demographic Groups -- 6.1. Groupings Indicative of a Change in Progress -- 6.2. Groupings Not Directly Associated with Change -- 6.3.A Word of Caution: The Problem of Imported Differences -- 7. Summary and Conclusions -- 7.A Multivariate Approach to Continuity, Contact, and Leveling -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reconceptualizing the Grouping Criteria and the Pronoun Rate as Variables -- 3. Ranking the Independent Variables According to Individual Bivariate Correlations -- 4.A Multivariate Regression Analysis of Language Contact and Dialect Leveling -- 4.1. Multivariate Regressions on Rate for the Whole Sample.

Contents note continued: 4.2. Multivariate Regressions on Rate for the Regional Subsamples -- 5. Interpreting Multivariate Regression Results: Continuity and Change in Spanish in New York -- 5.1. Spanish in New York City as a Whole -- 5.2. Spanish in New York City Regional Groups -- 6. Summary and Conclusions -- 6.1. Why Are Pronouns Distributed as They Are Regionally? -- 6.2. Why is the Element of Continuity Stronger Than That of Change? -- 6.3. Why Does Language Contact Exert More Influence on Change Than Dialectal Leveling? -- 8. Internal Evidence for Continuity and Contact -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Grammatical and Discourse-Communicative Variables in the Study -- 3. Variable Hierarchies -- 3.1. The Use of Logistic Regression to Construct Variable Hierarchies -- 3.2. Continuity in Spanish in New York: Variable Hierarchies across the Exposure Groups -- 4. Continuity and Change in Spanish in New York: Constraint Hierarchies.

Contents note continued: 4.1. The Use of Logistic Regression to Construct Constraint Hierarchies -- 4.2. Constraint Hierarchies for Person, Reference, Tense, Clause, Lexical, Reflexive, and CodaS -- 4.3.A Predictive Approach to Comparisons between Constraint Hierarchies -- 4.4. Constraint Hierarchy for Person -- 5. Interpretation and Explanation -- 5.1. Continuity Reflected in Variable Hierarchies -- 5.2. Continuity Reflected in Constraint Hierarchies -- 5.3. Cross-Generational Change in Spanish in New York -- 6. Summary and Conclusions -- 9. Internal Evidence for Continuity and Leveling -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Baseline of the Reference Lects -- 2.1. Caribbean and Mainland Newcomers: Variable Hierarchies -- 2.2. Caribbean and Mainland Newcomers: Ranking in Constraint Hierarchies -- 2.3. Caribbean and Mainland Newcomers: Ranges in Constraint Hierarchies -- 3. Continuity in Spanish in New York: Variable Hierarchies.

Contents note continued: 4.A Predictive Approach to the Evolution of Constraint Hierarchies in a Leveling Context -- 5. Regional Continuity and Change in New York: Rankings and Ranges in Constraint Hierarchies -- 5.1. Reference, Reflexive, Tense, and CodaS: Same Ranking, Narrower Range Difference -- 5.2. Lexical: Same Ranking, Wider Range Difference -- 5.3. Clause: Different Ranking, Same Range Difference -- 5.4. Person: Changes in Range Differences and Rank Orders -- 5.5. Changes in Constraints in Five Variables -- 6. Summary and Conclusions -- 10. The Grammars of Bilinguals in New York -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Simplification and Incomplete Acquisition -- 3. The Grammars of High Pronoun Users -- 4. Summary and Conclusions.