Decades of crisis : Central and Eastern Europe before World War II / Ivan T. Berend.

This volume leads the reader through the maze of social, cultural, economic and political changes in 12 Central and Eastern European countries, showing how every path ended in dictatorship and despotism by the start of World War II.

I. The Crisis of Modernization: The Ideologies of Revolts and Their Expression in Art, 1900-1918 -- 1. Catching Up or Lagging Behind? -- 2. The Peculiar Pattern of Central and Eastern European Societies: The Remnants of Noble and Incomplete Societies -- 3. The Ideologies of Revolts and Revolutions: The Birth of Nationalist, Communist, and Fascist Ideas -- 4. Revolution in Art and the Art in Revolution -- II. Class Revolutions and Counterrevolutions: National Revolutions and Their Right-Wing Deformation, 1918-1929 -- 5. Class Revolutions -- Counterrevolutions -- 6. Belated National Revolutions -- 7. From National Revolution to Nationalist Authoritarianism -- 8. From Bolshevik Revolution to a National-Imperial Modernization Dictatorship -- 9. Economic Nationalism and Its Consequences -- III. The Great Depression and Its Impact: Social Changes; The Triumph of the Right; The Art of the Crisis and the Crisis in Art, 1929-1939 -- 10. A Distinctive Great Depression in Central and Eastern Europe -- 11. From the Great Depression to Nazi and Stalinist Isolationist Autarchy -- 12. Social Changes: New Forces and Factors -- 13. Political Impact: The Dirty Torrent of Dictatorships -- 14. The Art of Crisis and the Crisis in Art.