S.J.V. Chelvanayakam and the crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, 1947-1977 : a political biography / A. Jeyaratnam Wilson.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 141) and index.

1. Background and Character -- 2. The Situation of the Tamil People when Chelvanayakam entered Politics -- 3. Apprentice Years in Politics, 1947-1956 -- 4. Launching a Political Movement -- 5. The Political Strategy of Protest -- 6. The Escalation of Demands: A Separate State -- 7. End of an Era -- Note on Caste and Class in the Tamil Community of Sri Lanka.

S.J.V. Chelvanayakam (1898-1977), the acknowledged leader of the Tamil people of Sri Lanka for the last 20 years of his life, was a most unusual figure. Born in Ipoh, Malaya, he was brought up, separated from his father, in the Tamil north of Ceylon. Educated at Christian schools, he became a practising churchman, but never disowned his roots in Hindu culture and tradition.

Shy and retiring by nature, he nonetheless built up a successful and lucrative practice as a civil lawyer, his only ambition till well into middle life being to end his career as a judge of the Supreme Court.

Then in 1947, on the eve of Ceylon becoming independent under a Sinhala-dominated government, he entered Parliament with the aim of protecting the threatened interests of the Tamil minority.

The controversial issues in the early independence years were the standards for granting citizenship and voting rights (this involved nearly one million hill country Tamils of recent Indian origin), acceptance of both Sinhala and Tamil as official languages, the state-aided colonisation by the Sinhalese of the Tamil people's traditional homelands in the north and east of the country, and the question of a national flag.

At first he was an ardent supporter of G.G. Ponnambalam and his All Ceylon Tamil Congress, but the two soon diverged - over Ponnambalam's willingness to enter the cabinet in the hope of influencing its decision-making, and over Chelvanayakam's radical conviction that the Tamils were a separate nationality, who should not integrate completely with the Sinhalese. At the end of his life he was advocating a separate Tamil state in the island.

Despite chronic ill-health, he gradually became a commanding figure. He stood firm, in the mid-1950s, against militant Sinhala Buddhism and linguistic exclusivity, and in the following years influenced the making and breaking of Sinhala-dominated governments. When he died tributes were paid to his honesty and integrity by leaders on all sides. With his restraining hand removed, violence invaded Tamil politics at an accelerated pace.

This is an account of a sensitive and principled Tamil leader during a crucial period of transition for his people. But it is more than that. It places under the microscope the intricate interplay of the leading political personalities throughout that period - D. S. Senanayake, Dudley Senanayake, Sir John Kotelawala, S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, G. G. Ponnambalam and many others. The reader is acutely conscious of the blind forces of history preparing the way for tragedy.