Racism : a short history / George M. Fredrickson.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Religion and the invention of racism -- Rise of modern racism(s) : white supremacy and antisemitism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries -- Climax and retreat : racism in the twentieth century -- Epilogue : racism at the dawn of the twenty-first century -- Appendix : the concept of racism in historical discourse.

With a rare blend of learning, economy, and cutting insight, George Fredrickson surveys the history of Western racism from its emergence in the late Middle Ages to the present. Beginning with the medieval antisemitism that put Jews beyond the pale of humanity, he traces the spread of racist thinking in the wake of European expansionism and the beginnings of the African slave trade. And he examines how the Enlightenment and nineteenth-century romantic nationalism created a new intellectual context for debates over slavery and Jewish emancipation. Fredrickson then makes the first sustained comparison between the color-coded racism of nineteenth-century America and the antisemitic racism that appeared in Germany around the same time. He finds similarity enough to justify the common label but also major differences in the nature and functions of the stereotypes invoked. The book concludes with a provocative account of the rise and decline of the twentieth century's overtly racist regimes--the Jim Crow South, Nazi Germany, and apartheid South Africa--in the context of world historical developments.