Robotics, AI, and Humanity : Science, Ethics, and Policy / Joachim von Braun,Margaret S. Archer, Gregory M Reichberg, Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- AI, Robotics, and Humanity: Opportunities, Risks,and Implications for Ethics and Policy -- Introduction -- Message from Pope Francis -- Foundational Issues in AI and Robotics -- Overview on Perspectives -- Intelligent Agents -- Consciousness -- AI and Robotics Changing the Future of Society -- Work -- AI/Robotics: Poverty and Welfare -- Food and Agriculture -- Education -- Finance, Insurance, and Other Services -- Robotics/AI and Militarized Conflict -- Implications for Ethics and Policies -- AI/Robotics: Human and Social Relations -- Regulating for Good National and International Governance -- Toward Global AI Frameworks -- Protecting People's and Individual Human Rights and Privacy -- Developing Corporate Standards -- Part I Foundational Issues in AI and Robotics -- Differences Between Natural and Artificial CognitiveSystems -- Introduction -- Strategies for the Encoding of Relations: A Comparison Between Artificial and Natural Systems -- Encoding of Relations in Feed-Forward Architectures -- Encoding of Relations by Assemblies -- A Comparison Between the Two Strategies -- Assembly Coding and the Binding Problem -- Computing in High-Dimensional State Space -- Information Processing in Natural Recurrent Networks -- Concluding Remarks -- Foundations of Artificial Intelligence and Effective Universal Induction -- Introduction -- Learning from Data: The Problem of Induction -- Learning Frameworks -- The Asynchronous Learning Framework -- Solomonoff Induction -- The Synchronous Learning Framework -- Effective Universal Induction -- Caveats -- The Structure of Uncertainty -- Formalizing Uncertainty -- The Algebra of Truth Bearers -- Uncertainty: The Boolean Case -- Axioms for Uncertainty -- A General Agent Architecture: AIXI -- Defining Intelligence -- The Quest for a Standard Reference Machine.

Reference Machines and Initial Complexity -- Iterated Boolean Circuits -- Outlook: Search in Circuit Space -- Conclusions and Outlook -- Algorithmic Accountability, Transparency, and Fairness -- From Association Learning to Causal Learning -- What Is Consciousness, and Could Machines Have It? -- Multiple Meanings of Consciousness -- Unconscious Processing (C0): Where Most of Our Intelligence Lies -- Probing Unconscious Computations -- Unconscious View-Invariance and Meaning Extraction in the Human Brain -- Unconscious Control and Decision-Making -- Unconscious Learning -- Consciousness in the First Sense (C1): Global Availability of Relevant Information -- The Need for Integration and Coordination -- Consciousness as Access to an Internal Global Workspace -- Relation Between Consciousness and Attention -- Evidence for All-Or-None Selection in a Capacity-Limited System -- Evidence for Integration and Broadcasting -- Stability as a Feature of Consciousness -- C1 Consciousness in Human and Nonhuman Animals -- Consciousness in the Second Sense (C2): Self-Monitoring -- A Probabilistic Sense of Confidence -- Explicit Confidence in Prefrontal Cortex -- Error Detection: Reflecting on One's Own Mistakes -- Meta-Memory -- Reality Monitoring -- Foundations of C2 Consciousness in Infants -- Dissociations Between C1 and C2 -- Synergies Between C1 and C2 Consciousness -- Endowing Machines with C1 and C2 -- Concluding Remarks -- Could a Robot Be Conscious? Some Lessons from Philosophy -- Why There Could Not Be Any Conscious Robots -- The Meaning of Existence -- The Nature of Consciousness -- Kinds of Possibility -- Intelligent Robots? -- The Human Context -- Neo-Existentialism -- Values and the Humanities -- Concluding Remarks -- Part II AI and Robotics Changing the Future of Society: Work, Farming, Services, and Poverty.

Robotics and the Global Organisation of Production -- Introduction -- The Changing Location of Production -- The Rapid Growth of GVCs in the 1990s and 2000s -- The End of GVCs in the Future? -- Reshoring Instead of Offshoring? -- Growing Investment in Robotics -- The Impact of Robotics on the Global Location of Production -- Robotics and Offshoring -- Robotics and Reshoring -- Robotics and the Reallocation of Resources within MNEs -- Conclusion and Policy Implications -- Appendix 1: Empirical Strategies and Variable Descriptions -- Robot Stock and Offshoring -- Robot Stock and Backshoring -- Robot Stock and Reallocation -- AI/Robotics and the Poor -- Introduction -- A Framework of AI/Robotics Impacts on the Poor and Marginalized -- A Framework -- Opportunities of Data and Information Systems about Poverty -- Education and Knowledge Links with AI/Robotics -- Health Services for the Poor Facilitated by AI/Robotics -- AI-Assisted Financial Services -- AI and Social Transfers -- AI/Robotics Effects for the Poor in Employment, Small Business, and Smallholder Farming -- AI/Robotics Links to Voice and Empowerment -- Policy Conclusions -- Robotics and AI in Food Security and Innovation: Why They Matterand How to Harness Their Power -- Challenge: The Great Balancing Act -- What Is Happening: Robotic Farming -- Mechanisms to Promote Development -- Create Complements to Minimize the Risks -- Why It Matters: Robotics in Agriculture -- Robots Will Address Labor Shortage -- Capital and Technologies Are Opportunities for Smallholders -- Quantifying Robots' Impact on Poverty -- Challenges -- Robotics in the Classroom: Hopes or Threats? -- Introduction -- Emerging Needs, Hopes, and Threats -- A Simple Case: Robots as Pedagogical Tools -- Robot Teachers: A Diversity of Possible Roles? -- Robots as a Full Substitute to Teachers -- Robots as Companions for Learning.

Telepresence and Teaching -- Robots in Special Education -- Ethics and Teacher Substitutes -- A Way for the Future: Computer-Aided Instruction -- Conclusion -- Humans Judged by Machines: The Rise of Artificial Intelligencein Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate -- Introduction -- Incrementalist Fintech: The Problems of Predatory, Creepy, and Subordinating Inclusion -- Fallacies of Futurist Fintech -- Part III Robotics, AI, and Militarized Conflict -- Designing Robots for the Battlefield: State of the Art -- Introduction -- AI-Robots Currently Used on the Battlefield -- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles -- Unmanned Ground, Surface, and Underwater Vehicles -- Integrated Air Defense Systems and Smart Weapons -- Understanding AI and how It Enables Machine Autonomy -- Elements of the PDATT Framework -- Perceive -- Decide -- Act -- Team -- Trust -- The Risks of AI-Robots on the Battlefield -- Current Limitations of AI-Robots on the Battlefield and Associated Risks -- Perception -- Decision-Making, Reasoning, and Understanding Context -- Action Selection, Self-Correction, and Ethical Self-Assessment -- Teaming and Trust: Transparency in Human Interactions -- Trust: Vulnerabilities to Cyber and Adversarial Attacks -- The Future of AI-Robots on the Battlefield -- What AI-Robots May Be Able to Do in the Near Future -- Improving What We Already Have and Expanding Missions -- Dull, Dirty, and Dangerous Jobs -- Augmentation of Human Decision-Making -- Replacing Human Decision-Making -- Electronic Warfare -- JHU/APL Research Toward AI-Robots for Trusted, Real-World Operations -- Areas of AI-Robotics Research at JHU/APL -- Safe Testing of Autonomy in Complex Interactive Environments -- Self-Regulating AI -- Explainable AI and Human-Machine Interactions -- Ethical AI -- Conclusions: The Future of AI for Battlefield Robotics -- Competing Visions of the Future of AI-Robots.

Human Subservience to AI-Robots -- Human Dominance over AI-Robots -- Co-Evolution with AI-Robots -- Applying AI on the Battlefield: The Ethical Debates -- Introduction -- Background Considerations -- Principled Arguments for and against Battlefield Use of LAWS -- Technical and Pragmatic Considerations -- Virtue Ethics and Human-AI Interaction -- AI Nuclear Winter or AI That Saves Humanity?AI and Nuclear Deterrence -- Introduction -- AI in Supporting Nuclear Decision-Making -- Essence of Nuclear Deterrence and the Role of AI -- Growing Questions over Rationality Assumption -- Fog of AI War -- AI as Black Box -- AI and Changing Characters of Nuclear Deterrence -- Impact on ISR -- Challenges for Stably Controlling Nuclear Risks: Arms Control and Entanglement -- Agenda for Nuclear Ethics in the AI Era -- Ability to Set a Goal -- Taking the Responsibility and Accountability Seriously -- Conclusion -- Part IV AI/Robot-Human Interactions: Regulatory and Ethical Implications -- The AI and Robot Entity -- Friendship Between Human Beings and AI Robots? -- Introduction -- Overcoming the Obstacles? -- Normativity as a Barrier -- Emotionality as a Barrier -- The Ultimate Barrier: Consciousness -- The Emergence of Friendship and Its Emergents -- At the Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Levels -- Conclusion -- Robots and Rights: Reviewing Recent Positions in Legal Philosophyand Ethics -- Introduction -- Definitions and Brief Exposition of the Topic -- The Classical Ontological Stance and the Recent "Relational Turn" in Animal, Robot and Machine Ethics: Mark Coeckelbergh's Analysis -- The Juridical Perspective: The "Accountability Gap" Implying a "Responsibility Gap" -- Recent Juridical Tendencies Towards Advocating Legal Personality for Robots -- David J. Gunkel's "Robot Rights" (2018) -- The EPSRC Paper on "Principles of Robotics".

Robots in the Japanese koseki System: Colin P.A. Jones's Family Law Approach to Robotic Identity and Soft-Law Based Robot Regulation.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.