Globalizing sport : how organizations, corporations, media, and politics are changing sports / George H. Sage.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Global Sport: The Transformation from Local to National to Global -- "Global," "Globalization," "Sport": Clarifying the Core Concepts -- Is Globalization Something New? -- Sport: From Folk Pastimes to Sportification -- Is Sport Something New? -- Sportification -- Political Economic Forces Shaping Globalization -- Globalization from Above -- Globalization from Below -- Sport and Globalization from Above and Below -- Cultural Forces Shaping Globalization -- Homogenization (Americanization) Perspective -- Hybridization Perspective -- Polarization Perspective -- Homogenization, Hybridization, and Polarization Perspectives and Sport -- Forms of Globalization and Manifestations in Sport -- Segmentation of the Global Sport Industry -- Summary -- References -- 2. Global Sport Organizations: Governing the World of Sport -- Governing Global Sport: Global Sport Organizations -- From International Sport Initiatives to Global Sport Organizations -- The Olympic Movement and Its Network -- International Olympic Committee -- Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games -- National Olympic Committees -- International Sport Federations -- Other Organizations Within the Olympic Movement Network -- Global Issues Confronting the Olympic Movement -- Females in the Olympics -- The Amateur Issue -- Inclusion of Athletes with Special Needs -- International Sport Federations: GSOs Within the IOC -- The Preeminent International Federation: Federation Internationale de Football Association -- Global Sport Organizations and Solo Sports -- Association of Tennis Professionals -- Women's Tennis Association -- Multiple GSOs for a Sport: Professional Boxing -- Global Sporting Organizations and International Games -- Summary -- Notes -- References -- 3. Global Migration of Sports Labor -- Human Migration: Past and Present -- The Migration of Sports Labor: Sports Workers Throughout the World -- Sports-Labor Migration Within Nations -- Sports-Labor Migration: Intra-and Intercontinental Migration -- Global Patterns of Migration Among Sports Labor in Selected Sports -- Sports-Labor Migration and Soccer -- Sports-Labor Migration and Basketball -- Sports-Labor Migration and Ice Hockey -- Sports-Labor Migration and Baseball -- Sports-Labor Migration and Intercollegiate Sports -- Sports-Labor Migration and the Olympic Games -- Related Features of Sports Migration -- Sports Migrants' Motivations -- Recruitment of Sports Labor -- Consequences of Sports-Labor Migration -- Summary -- Notes -- References -- 4. The Global Sport Industry: Production and Promotion -- The Rise of Factory Manufacturing -- The Growth of Commercial Sports -- Manufacturing in the Global Economy -- Global Sporting Goods Manufacturing: From Humble Beginnings to Transnational Corporations -- Wilson Sporting Goods -- Adidas AG -- Reebok International -- Mizuno Corporation -- Nike, Inc -- Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the Global Economy: The Case of Nike -- Nike's Asian Factories: Not a Pretty Sight -- Nike's Responses to Factory Reports and the Social Movement -- Nike's New Initiatives: A Commitment to Reform or a Public Relations Ploy? -- Beyond Sport Production to Sport Promotion -- Individual Athlete Endorsements -- Event and Team Sponsorships -- Summary -- Notes -- References -- 5. Global Sport and Global Mass Media -- Mass Communication, Mass Media, and Media Sport -- Social Roles of the Mass Media -- Global Organizations and the Mass Media -- Conglomerate Media Ownership -- The Global Media Sport Complex -- Articulations Between the Mass Media and Sport -- Media Technology and Commercial Sport Evolve Together -- Overlapping Ownership of Media and Sport Organizations -- The Symbiosis Between Television and Sport -- Enhancing Sport Revenue via Television -- The Market for Broadcast Rights -- Transnational Corporate Sport Sponsorships -- Media As Public Relations Tool for Global Sport -- New Media and Global Sports -- The Internet -- Video Games -- Twitter, Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube -- Online Sport Gambling -- Media Sport and Deterritorialization of Fans -- Global Media Sport and Gender -- Summary -- Notes -- References -- 6. Global Politics and Sport -- Political Intervention in Sports -- Sport and the Promotion of Political Ideology -- Advancing National Unity and Recognition Through Sport -- Sport As an Instrument of International Politics and Diplomacy -- Promoting Nazism: The 1936 Olympic Games -- Promoting Communism: The Soviet Sport System -- East Germany and the People's Republic of China: Adopting the Soviet Sport Model -- The United States: Joining Other Countries in Sport Politics -- New and Smaller Nations Adopt the Model -- Developing Countries and National Unification Through Sport -- The African Continent and African States -- National Embarrassments Through Sport -- Geopolitical Censorship in Sport: Nation-Led Boycotts -- Global Politics Within Sport -- The Politics of Gender Inequality in Global Sport -- The Politics of Racial Inequality in Global Sport -- Politics Within the IOC and FIFA -- IOC -- FIFA -- Political Dissent at Global Sports Events -- Summary -- Notes -- References -- 7. Global Sport: Future Issues and Trends -- Global Population Trends and Sport -- World Population Growth -- Population Composition -- Increasing Global Urbanization -- The Future of Global Sport Organizations -- The Olympic Movement: The IOC, the Preeminent GSO -- Migration of Sport Labor in the Future -- Global Sport-Industry Production in the Future -- Future Labor Issues in Sporting Goods and Equipment -- Future Technology and Sporting Goods and Equipment -- The Future of Media Sports -- Television Coverage -- Television Technology and Sports Viewing -- Internet Technology and Sports Spectatorship -- Video Technology and Sports Video Games -- Sports Blogging -- Sport Politics and the Future -- Summary -- References.